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River kingfishers
The river kingfishers or Alcedinidae, are one of the three families of birds in the kingfisher group. The Alcedinidae once included all kingfishers, before the widespread recognition of Halcyonidae (tree kingfishers) and Cerylidae (water kingfishers). The family is widespread through Africa and east and south Asia as far as Australia, with one species, the common kingfisher (''Alcedo atthis'') also appearing in Europe and northern Asia. The origin of the family is thought to have been in Asia.
These are brightly plumaged, compact birds with short tails, large heads, and long bills. They feed on insects or fish, and lay white eggs in a self-excavated burrow. Both adults incubate the eggs and feed the chicks.
== Taxonomy ==
The river kingfishers family Alcedinidae is in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the motmots, bee-eaters, todies, rollers, ground-rollers, and two other families of kingfishers. The rollers do not appear to be particularly closely related to the others groups, and the Coraciiformes are therefore probably polyphyletic. In the past, all kingfishers were placed in the Alcedinidae, but it became clear that the three subfamilies diverged early, and the Halcyonidae (tree kingfishers) and Cerylidae (water kingfishers) are usually now treated as full families, with the Alcedinidae as the basal lineage in the kingfisher clade.〔Fry (1992) 6–11〕
The taxonomy of the family is uncertain at present; it includes 22 to 24 species in two to four genera. The uncertainty arises from two small African species. The African dwarf kingfisher is sometimes placed in the monospecific genus ''Myioceyx'', and sometimes with the pygmy kingfishers in ''Ispidina''. However, molecular analysis suggests that the Madagascan pygmy kingfisher is most closely related to the malachite kingfisher, and that the present arrangement into ''Alcedo'' and ''Ceyx'' may need to be reviewed as it seems not to reflect the actual relationships (for example, the azure kingfisher is closer to ''Ceyx erithacus'').〔Moyle, Robert G. (2006): "(molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history. )" ''Auk'' 123(2): 487–499.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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